HOW TO TREAT COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
What is communicable disease
Are those which can be transmitted from one person to another or from animal to person. Communicable disease are very common in the tropical countries.
Epidemic ( from Greek epi-upon demos people); are classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a given human, population during a given period at rate that substantially exceeds what is expected based on recent experience. Therefore it's the unsual occurrence of disease in the community.
DEFINITION OF COMMON TERMS
Endemic; the constant presence of a disease or infectious agents within a community.
Pandemics (from Greek word pa? Pan all + demos people) ; an epidemic that spread across a large regions (for example a continent) or even world wide.
Nosocomial; an infection developing in a patient while in a hospital or acquired in a hospital but could show up after.
Epidemic ( from Greek epi-upon demos people); are classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a given human, population during a given period at rate that substantially exceeds what is expected based on recent experience.
Principle of disease transmission
Transmission of a disease in human require the following components
- an agents capable of infecting man
- a source; an infected host or reservoir of infection.
- Portal of exist from the source.
- a suitable means of transmission.
- a Portal of entry into a new host .
- a susceptible host.
An agent: an agent is an organism, mainly a micro- organism but including helminths that is capable of causing a disease.
Reservoir of infection; refer to an human beings, animals, anthropoids, plants, soil, or in animate matter or a combination of those in which an infectious, agent normally lives and multiplies and on which of primarily depends for survival and reproduction in such a manner that it can be transmitted to a susceptible host.
A reservoir of infection can also be termed as the natural habitat of the infection agent.
Disease that Man is the only reservoir is called anthropo eses example measles and Cholera. Those involve other animals reservoir are called Zoonoses example plague and rabies.
Portal of exit in the human host: include the respiratory passages the alimentary canal, the opening in the Genital uriary system and the skin lesions.
Suitable means of transmission: transmission of infection agent is any mechanism by which a susceptible host is exposed to an infection agent. It may be either direct or indirect.
MEDICAL IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICABLE DISEASE
Many of them are very common.
Some of them are serious and cause death and disability.
Some of them cause wide spread out break of disease that is epidemic.
Most of them are preventable by fairly simple means.
Many are serious particularly in infants and children.
Contagious Disease
Contagious (contact disease) are disease transmitted by direct or indirect contact. direct contact is by infected person. Indirect contact is by handling contaminated objects such as clothing, bedding, dressing And utensils.
Tends to occur within householid, children, playground, School and workplace.Transmission is facilitated by high population density, over crowding, poor hygiene and close person contact.
Control can you be direct at
Source (elimination of the reservoir by case finding, treatment of individual cases mass treatment or isolation of cases).
The route (improving the environment refusal disposal, water supply, living condition, housing, personal hygiene, education).
Susceptible person (health education with behavioural change.
⁰ sexual transmitted infection and HIV and AIDS
These are a diseases or infection whose predominant mode of transmission is through sexual contact be often heterosexual or homosexual.
Sexually transmitted infection includes the stage of pre clinical illness (example the typical symptoms and signs have not yet appeared) while sexually transmitted disease include the stage of clinical illness (example the typical symptoms and signs are present).
The causative organism of Sexual transmission infections are very easily killed by change in temperature therefore transmission of this agent from one person to another can only occur under very special circumstances, mostly during sexual intercourse.
Sexual transmission infections(STIs) are common and cause a lot of morbidity and mortality tending to be vast acting social and economic consequence.
Control strategies for sexual transmission infections depends on the understanding of risk factors for each infection. these factors include:
Biological (example vaginal PH and presence of other sexual transmission infections, cervical mucous sexual transmission disease specific immunity.
Individual risk behavior (example of first sexual intercourse, multiple partners, frequency of partners change, frequency of exposure, sexual practice, anal and commercial sexual and substance use.
Health behavior (use of condoms, inadequate health sucking behaviour, noncompliance with medications, inadequate partners treatment, self treatment.
Demographics factors (18-35 years, military personnel, long- distance truck driver, tax driver, police officer and students).
Socio-economic factors (poor payment, unemployment, prostitution, low education level, poverty, drugs, and alcohol.
Environmental risk factors (war, civil unrest national policies may serve as barrier or my facilitated the adoption of safe sex practices)
Vector-borne disease
Vectors are invertebrates host (insects mosquitoes, tricks and snails) which are an essential part of the life cycle of the disease causative organism.therefore vectors - borne a disease whose transmission require as vectors (example part of the life cycle of the causative organism take place within the vectors)
They are taken for development of the organism outside the human body is called extrinsic incubation period. Note that a housefly that carries organism on it's body and contaminated food is not regarded as a vector because it simply machanically transmit the disease.
Vectors acquire disease organism by sucking blood from infected person or animals and pass them on by same route. Note that infection may enter skin cracks or abrasion either from infected insects faeces deposited when feeding or from body fluids when an insects is crushed.
Classification of some vector-borne disease according to causative organism.
Virus : yellow fever
Bacteria: plague, relapsing fever
Protozoa: malaria
Worms: filariasis disease
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